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However, no previous review has proposed a standardized framework to classify contamination levels based on abundance, determined the proportion of cigarette butts among global litter, or examined how protection status or management restrictions influence cigarette butt contamination across protected areas, despite their relevance to conservation policy [12, 31, 32]

The arrival of e-cigarettes has only worsened the impact of their efforts

Their smoking profile will also be assessed in terms of number of cigarettes smoked per day, smoking history in terms of pack-years, number of previous attempts of smoking cessation and methods used, and finally, their level of motivation to quit on Likert scale of 0-7